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1 farm exports
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2 ♦ farm
♦ farm /fɑ:m/A n.3 ( con attr.) allevamento; vivaio: chicken [mink] farm, allevamento di polli [di visoni]; oyster farm, vivaio di ostriche4 (fam.) nido d'infanziaB a.● farm bailiff, fattore; agente di campagna □ ( USA) farm belt, zona agricola □ farm-gate, al produttore: farm-gate prices, prezzi al produttore; farm-gate sale, vendita diretta ( di prodotti agricoli) □ farm labourer (o farm hand, farm worker), bracciante agricolo □ farm owner, coltivatore diretto □ farm prices, prezzi agricoli □ farm produce, prodotti agricoli □ farm shop, fattoria che vende i prodotti al pubblico □ farm subsidies, sussidi all'agricoltura □ (econ.) farm surplus, eccedenza agricola □ farm tourism, agriturismo □ ( slang) to bet the farm, scommettere tutto □ ( slang) to buy the farm, essere ammazzato; lasciarci la pelle.(to) farm /fɑ:m/A v. t.B v. i.coltivare la terra; fare l'agricoltore; avere una fattoria: to farm organically, usare metodi di coltivazione biologici● organically farmed, proveniente da coltivazione biologica. -
3 Agriculture
Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system. -
4 quota
ком., ек. квота; частка; норма; контингент1. заздалегідь встановлена сума або кількість чого-небудь, що визначається для певної мети; 2. обмежена кількість визначених товарів для імпорту (import) чи експорту (export); ♦ квоти встановлюються урядом, зокрема для захисту національної промисловості (industry¹), збереження рівня зайнятості (employment²) тощо; 3. податкова ставка, що припадає на певну одиницю оподаткування═════════■═════════advance quota попередня квота; amortization quota норма амортизації; bargaining quota квота, встановлена з метою одержання торговельних знижок; basic quota основний контингент; bilateral quotas двосторонні квоти; building quota будівельна квота; buying quota купівельна квота; consumption quota норма споживання • квота споживання; country-by-country quota квота для кожної країни; current quotas поточні квоти; duty-free quotas неоподатковувані квоти; established quota встановлена квота; excessive quotas завищені квоти; export quota експортна квота • квота на експорт; farm production quotas квоти на сільськогосподарську продукцію; food quota квота на харчові продукти; foreign exchange quota валютний ліміт; global quota загальна квота; immigration quota імміграційна квота; import quota імпортна квота • квота на імпорт; International Monetary Fund quota квота валюти у Міжнародному валютному фонді; marketing quota ринкова квота; maximum quota максимальна квота; minimum quota мінімальна квота; output quota норма випуску; production quota норма виробництва; purchase quota квота на закупівлю; quantitative quota кількісна квота; sales quota квота на продаж; sea freight quota квота морського фрахту; special quota спеціальний контингент • спеціальна квота; tariff quota тарифна квота; tax quota податкова квота; taxable quota частка оподатковуваних товарів • частка оподатковуваних доходів; yearly quota річний контингент • річна квота═════════□═════════quota agreement угода про квоту; quota cartel картель, який встановлює квоту; quota for special deposits квота на спеціальні депозити; quota of expenditure частка витрат; quotas of exports експортні контингенти • експортна квота; quotas of imports імпортні контингенти • імпортна квота; quota restriction обмеження за допомогою квотування; quota scheme система квот; quota system система квот • система контингентів • система імміграційних квот; to allocate quotas розподіляти/розподілити квоти; to establish a quota встановлювати/встановити квоту; to exceed a quota перевищувати/перевищити квоту; to fix a quota встановлювати/встановити квоту; to increase a quota збільшувати/збільшити квоту; to operate quotas застосовувати/застосувати систему квот; to raise a quota збільшувати/збільшити квоту; to reduce a quota зменшувати/зменшити квоту; to reduce imports through quotas зменшувати/зменшити імпорт шляхом встановлення квот; to set a quota встановлювати/встановити квоту; to take up a quota вибирати/вибрати квоту • використовувати/використати квоту═════════◇═════════квота < нім. Quóte, англ. quota або італ. quota «частка, частина, норма < слат. quota — частина данини, що припадає на одну особу; сума, кількість (ЕСУМ 2:419) -
5 surplus
1. n1) излишек, избыток2) активное сальдо (бюджета, платежного баланса)
- accounting surplus
- accumulated surplus
- agricultural surplus
- appropriated surplus
- available surplus
- balance of payments surplus
- budgetary surplus
- capital surplus
- cash surplus
- consumer surplus
- consumer's surplus
- current surplus
- current account surplus
- demand surplus
- donated surplus
- earned surplus
- estimated surplus
- export surplus
- external surplus
- farm surplus
- import surplus
- labour surplus
- lendable surplus
- manpower surplus
- marketable surpluses
- net surplus
- paid-in surplus
- production surplus
- restricted surplus
- revaluation surplus
- seasonal surpluses
- shrinking trade surplus
- unappropriated earned surplus
- unearned surplus
- surplus of capital
- surplus of currency
- surplus of exports
- surplus of goods
- surplus of imports
- surplus of labour
- surplus of population
- accumulate surpluss
- dispose of surpluss2. adj1) избыточный, излишний2) добавочный (о прибыли, доходе, стоимости)English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > surplus
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6 product
['prɔdʌkt]nпродукт, продукция, изделие, товар, полуфабрикат, выработкаDemand for products like coal and steel is declining. — Спрос на такую продукцию, как уголь и сталь, падает.
I am allergic to dairy ptoducts. — У меня аллергия на молочные продукты.
We'll send a selection of our products for you to try. — Мы пришлем вам образцы наших изделий на пробу.
- industrial producrsThe country exports a large number of electrical and electronic products. — Эта страна экспортирует электрические и электронные изделия в большом количестве
- factory producrs
- electronic producrs
- raw producrs
- farm products
- home products
- sami-finished products
- waste products
- marketable products
- mass-produced products
- household products
- product inspection
- range of products
- supply products -
7 Angola
(and Enclave of Cabinda)From 1575 to 1975, Angola was a colony of Portugal. Located in west-central Africa, this colony has been one of the largest, most strategically located, and richest in mineral and agricultural resources in the continent. At first, Portugal's colonial impact was largely coastal, but after 1700 it became more active in the interior. By international treaties signed between 1885 and 1906, Angola's frontiers with what are now Zaire and Zambia were established. The colony's area was 1,246,700 square kilometers (481,000 square miles), Portugal's largest colonial territory after the independence of Brazil. In Portugal's third empire, Angola was the colony with the greatest potential.The Atlantic slave trade had a massive impact on the history, society, economy, and demography of Angola. For centuries, Angola's population played a subordinate role in the economy of Portugal's Brazil-centered empire. Angola's population losses to the slave trade were among the highest in Africa, and its economy became, to a large extent, hostage to the Brazilian plantation-based economic system. Even after Brazil's independence in 1822, Brazilian economic interests and capitalists were influential in Angola; it was only after Brazil banned the slave trade in 1850 that the heavy slave traffic to former Portuguese America began to wind down. Although slavery in Angola was abolished, in theory, in the 1870s, it continued in various forms, and it was not until the early 1960s that its offspring, forced labor, was finally ended.Portugal's economic exploitation of Angola went through different stages. During the era of the Atlantic slave trade (ca. 1575-1850), when many of Angola's slaves were shipped to Brazil, Angola's economy was subordinated to Brazil's and to Portugal's. Ambitious Lisbon-inspired projects followed when Portugal attempted to replace the illegal slave trade, long the principal income source for the government of Angola, with legitimate trade, mining, and agriculture. The main exports were dyes, copper, rubber, coffee, cotton, and sisal. In the 1940s and 1950s, petroleum emerged as an export with real potential. Due to the demand of the World War II belligerents for Angola's raw materials, the economy experienced an impetus, and soon other articles such as diamonds, iron ore, and manganese found new customers. Angola's economy, on an unprecedented scale, showed significant development, which was encouraged by Lisbon. Portugal's colonization schemes, sending white settlers to farm in Angola, began in earnest after 1945, although such plans had been nearly a century in the making. Angola's white population grew from about 40,000 in 1940 to nearly 330,000 settlers in 1974, when the military coup occurred in Portugal.In the early months of 1961, a war of African insurgency broke out in northern Angola. Portugal dispatched armed forces to suppress resistance, and the African insurgents were confined to areas on the borders of northern and eastern Angola at least until the 1966-67 period. The 13-year colonial war had a telling impact on both Angola and Portugal. When the Armed Forces Movement overthrew the Estado Novo on 25 April 1974, the war in Angola had reached a stalemate and the major African nationalist parties (MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA) had made only modest inroads in the northern fringes and in central and eastern Angola, while there was no armed activity in the main cities and towns.After a truce was called between Portugal and the three African parties, negotiations began to organize the decolonizat ion process. Despite difficult maneuvering among the parties, Portugal, the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA signed the Alvor Agreement of January 1975, whereby Portugal would oversee a transition government, create an all-Angola army, and supervise national elections to be held in November 1975. With the outbreak of a bloody civil war among the three African parties and their armies, the Alvor Agreement could not be put into effect. Fighting raged between March and November 1975. Unable to prevent the civil war or to insist that free elections be held, Portugal's officials and armed forces withdrew on 11 November 1975. Rather than handing over power to one party, they transmitted sovereignty to the people of Angola. Angola's civil war continued into the 21st century.
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